Saturday, February 7, 2009

[edit] 21st century



[edit] 21st century



  • In 2003, Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of Mbuti Pygmies, told the UN's Indigenous People's Forum that during the Congo Civil War, his people were hunted down and eaten as though they were game animals. Both sides of the war regarded them as "subhuman" and some say their flesh can confer magical powers. Makelo asked the UN Security Council to recognise cannibalism as a crime against humanity and an act of genocide.[134][135]



  • Since the mid-1990s the central government of Botswana has been trying to move Bushmen out of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. As of October 2005, the government has resumed its policy of forcing all Bushmen off their lands in the Game Reserve, using armed police and threats of violence or death.[143] Many of the involuntarily displaced Bushmen live in squalid resettlement camps and some have resorted to prostitution and alcoholism, while about 250 others remain or have surreptitiously returned to the Kalahari to resume their independent lifestyle.[144] “How can we continue to have Stone Age creatures in an age of computers?“ asked Botswana’s president Festus Mogae.[145][146]



  • Attacks by the Janjaweed, militias of Sudan on the African population of Darfur, a region of western Sudan.[153][154] A July 14, 2007 article notes that in the past two months up to 75,000 Arabs from Chad and Niger crossed the border into Darfur. Most have been relocated by the Sudanese government to former villages of displaced non-Arab people. Some 2.5 million have now been forced to flee their homes after attacks by Sudanese troops and Janjaweed militia.[155]


  • Currently in the Iraq Civil War (2003 to present), entire neighborhoods in Baghdad are being ethnically cleansed by Shia and Sunni militias.[156][157] Some areas are being evacuated by every member of a particular group due to lack of security, moving into new areas because of fear of reprisal killings. As of June 21, 2007, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that 2.2 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries, and 2 million were displaced internally, with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month.[158][159][160]


  • Although Iraqi Christians represent less than 5% of the total Iraqi population, they make up 40% of the refugees now living in nearby countries, according to UNHCR.[161][162] In the 16th century, Christians constituted half of Iraq's population.[163] In 1987, the last Iraqi census counted 1.4 million Christians.[164] But as the 2003 invasion has allowed the growth of militant Islamism, Christians' total numbers slumped to about 500,000, of whom 250,000 live in Baghdad.[165] Furthermore, the Mandaean and Yazidi communities are at the risk of elimination due to the ongoing atrocities by Islamic extremists.[166][167] A May 25, 2007 article notes that in the past 7 months only 69 people from Iraq have been granted refugee status in the United States.[168]



  • In October 2006, Niger announced that it would deport the Arabs living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger to Chad.[174] This population numbered about 150,000.[175] While the government was rounding Arabs in preparation for the deportation, two girls died, reportedly after fleeing government forces, and three women suffered miscarriages. Niger's government had eventually suspended a controversial decision to deport Arabs.[176][177]


  • In 1950, the Karen had become the largest of 20 minority groups participating in an insurgency against the military dictatorship in Burma. The conflict continues as of 2008. In 2004, the BBC, citing aid agencies, estimates that up to 200,000 Karen have been driven from their homes during decades of war, with 120,000 more refugees from Burma, mostly Karen, living in refugee camps on the Thai side of the border. Many accuse the military government of Burma of ethnic cleansing.[178] As a result of the ongoing war in minority group areas more than two million people have fled Burma to Thailand.[179]


  • Civil unrest in Kenya erupted in December 2007.[180] By January 28, 2008, the death toll from the violence was at around 800.[181] The United Nations estimated that as many as 600,000 people have been displaced.[182][183] A government spokesman claimed that Odinga's supporters were "engaging in ethnic cleansing".[184]



  • South Africa Ethnic Cleansing erupted on 11 May 2008 within three weeks 80 000 were displaced the death toll was 62, with 670 injured by the violence when South Africans ejected non-nationals in a nationwide ethnic cleansing / Xenophobic outburst ejecting the "makwerekwere" BLACKer Africans. The most affected have been Zimbabweans (30 000), Mozambiqueans (20 000 have returned to Mozambique), Somalians, Ethiopians, Congolese, Angolans. Local South Africans have also been caught up in the violence and so have other non-African nationals. Refugee camps a mistake Arvin Gupta, a senior UNHCR protection officer, said the UNHCR did not agree with the City of Cape Town that those displaced by the violence should be held at camps across the city.


[edit] See also





[edit] Notes




  1. ^ ethnic cleansing - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
  2. ^ Drazen Petrovic, "Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology", European Journal of International Law, Vol. No. 3. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  3. ^ Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, "A Brief History of Ethnic Cleansing", Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 110, Summer 1993. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  4. ^ Hayden, Robert M. (1996) Schindler's Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and Population Transfers. Slavic Review 55 (4), 727-48.
  5. ^ a b Martin, Terry (1998). The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing. The Journal of Modern History 70 (4), 813-861.
  6. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany §45 citing Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (“Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”) the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found under the heading of “intent and 'ethnic cleansing'” § 190
  7. ^ Judah, Tim (1997). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 75. 
  8. ^ Mirko Grmek, Marc Gjidara, Neven Simac (1993) (in French). Le Nettoyage ethnique: Documents historiques sur une idéologie serbe. Paris. pp. 24. 
  9. ^ Pavelicpapers.com
  10. ^ Pavelicpapers.com
  11. ^ The Moljevic Memorandum
  12. ^ "ICTY: Radoslav Brđanin judgement". http://www.un.org/icty/brdjanin/trialc/judgement/index.htm. 
  13. ^ "ICTY: Kordić and Čerkez verdict". http://www.un.org/icty/kordic/trialc/judgement/index.htm. 
  14. ^ ICTY; "Address by ICTY President Theodor Meron, at Potočari Memorial Cemetery" The Hague, 23 June 2004 [1]
  15. ^ "ICTY: Kordić and Čerkez verdict - IV. Attacks on towns and villages: killings - C. The April 1993 Conflagration in Vitez and the Lašva Valley - 3. The Attack on Ahmići (Paragraph 642)". http://www.un.org/icty/kordic/trialc/judgement/kor-tj010226e-5.htm#IVC3. 
  16. ^ US State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, Abkhazia case
  17. ^ Chervonnaia, Svetlana Mikhailovna. Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow. Gothic Image Publications, 1994.
  18. ^ S State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, Chapter 17.
  19. ^ General Assembly Adopts Resolution Recognizing Right Of Return By Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons To Abkhazia, Georgia
  20. ^ Judt, Tony. Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 Penguin Press, 2005
  21. ^ Judt, Tony. Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 Penguin Press, 2005.
  22. ^ Ward Ferdinandusse, [http://www.ejil.org/journal/Vol15/No5/9.pdf The Interaction of National and International Approaches in the Repression of International Crimes], The European Journal of International Law Vol. 15 no.5 (2004), p. 1042, note 7.
  23. ^ Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Article 7; Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Article 5.
  24. ^ Daphna Shraga and Ralph Zacklin "The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", The European Journal of International Law Vol. 15 no.3 (2004).
  25. ^ A/RES/47/80 ""Ethnic cleansing" and racial hatred" United Nations. 12/16/1992. Retrieved on 2006, 09-03
  26. ^ Timothy V. Waters, On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing, Paper 951, 2006, University of Mississippi School of Law. Retrieved on 2006, 12-13
  27. ^ Krauthammer, Charles: "When Serbs Are 'Cleansed,' Moralists Stay Silent", International Herald Tribune, 12 August 1995
  28. ^ Ancient History
  29. ^ Punic Wars
  30. ^ Staff. Mithradates VI Eupator, Encyclopaedia Britannica., Accessed 26 December 2007
  31. ^ Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak
  32. ^ J. B. Bury: History of the Later Roman Empire • Vol. II Chap. XVII
  33. ^ English and Welsh are races apart
  34. ^ Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England
  35. ^ Ancient Britain Had Apartheid-Like Society, Study Suggests
  36. ^ 'Apartheid' slashed Celtic genes in early England
  37. ^ England’s massacre of the immigrants
  38. ^ BBC Making History
  39. ^ The Forgotten Refugees
  40. ^ The Almohads
  41. ^ Battuta's Travels: Part Three - Persia and Iraq
  42. ^ Crow Creek Massacre
  43. ^ The annihilation of Iraq
  44. ^ The Chams: Survivors of a Lost Civilisation
  45. ^ The Le Dynasty and Southward Expansion
  46. ^ Rezun, Miron, "Europe's Nightmare: The Struggle for Kosovo", (p. 6), Praeger/Greenwood (2001) ISBN 0-275-97072-8; Parker, Geoffrey, "Europe in Crisis", (p. 18), Blackwell Publishing (1979, 2000) ISBN 0-631-22028-3; Gadalla, Moustafa, "Egyptian Romany: The Essence of Hispania" (pp. 28-9), Tehuti Research Foundation (2004) ISBN 1-931446-19-9
  47. ^ JewishEncyclopedia.com - "Cossacks' Uprising", by Herman Rosenthal
  48. ^ BBC The curse of Cromwell
  49. ^ Culas & Michaud, 68–74.
  50. ^ The Hmong
  51. ^ Michael Edmund Clarke, In the Eye of Power (doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37
  52. ^ Venezuela
  53. ^ A First-Hand Impression of the Venezuelan Opposition
  54. ^ Rebelions in Bahia
  55. ^ New Zealand A to Z | Chatham Islands
  56. ^ Perdue, Theda, Cherokee Women and the Trail of Tears in American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal, 1500-1850, p. 526, (Routledge (UK), 2000)
  57. ^ Committee on Indian Affairs, US Senate, Cherokee Settlement and Accommodation Agreements Concerning the Navajo and Hopi Land Dispute, (US General Printing Office, 1996)
  58. ^ Historian dismisses Tasmanian aboriginal genocide "myth"
  59. ^ Our history not rewritten but put right. Accusations of genocide have been based on guesswork and blatant ideology. SMH, 24 November 2002
  60. ^ The Massacres of the Khilafah
  61. ^ Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922, (Princeton, N.J: Darwin Press, c1995
  62. ^ McCarthy, ibid.
  63. ^ Levene, Mark. Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State. I.B.Tauris, 2005. ISBN 1845110579, page 288
  64. ^ Giersch, Charles Patterson. Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier. Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN 1845110579, page 219
  65. ^ Dillon, Michael. China’s Muslim Hui Community. Curzon, 1999. ISBN 0700710264, page xix
  66. ^ Damsan Harper, Steve Fallon, Katja Gaskell, Julie Grundvig, Carolyn Heller, Thomas Huhti, Bradley Maynew, Christopher Pitts. Lonely Planet China. 9. 2005. ISBN 1740596870
  67. ^ a b Gernet, Jacques. A History of Chinese Civilization. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.ISBN 0521497124
  68. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman, "Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China (Studies on Ethnic Groups in China)", University of Washington Press (February 1998), ISBN 0295976446.
  69. ^ Kort, Michael (2001). The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath, p. 133. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0396-9.
  70. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tulsa_Race_Riot
  71. ^ Forced displacement of Czech population under Nazis in 1938 and 1943, Radio Prague
  72. ^ Naimark, op. cit.
  73. ^ Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era
  74. ^ Ustasa, Croatian nationalist, fascist, terrorist movement created in 1930.
  75. ^ a b c Serge Krizman, Maps of Yugoslavia at War, Washington 1943.
  76. ^ a b ISBN 86-17-09287-4: Kosta Nikolić, Nikola Žutić, Momčilo Pavlović, Zorica Špadijer: Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно-математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено-језичког смера, Belgrade, 2002, pg. 182
  77. ^ Annexe I, by the Serbian Information Centre-London to a report of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  78. ^ 60 Years After: For Victims Of Stalin's Deportations, War Lives On
  79. ^ Tibor Cseres: Serbian vendetta in Bacska
  80. ^ Victor Roudometof, Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, p.181-182 The figure of 30,000 is adopted from the Cham associations without checking the other sources used in the discussion in this chapter.
  81. ^ The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, European University Institute, Florense. EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1, Edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees pp. 4
  82. ^ Talbot, Ian: "India and Pakistan", (pp. 198-99), Oxford University Press (2000) ISBN 0-340-70632-5
  83. ^ British-Yemeni Society: Hadhrami migration in the 19th and 20th centuries
  84. ^ Itamar Levin, Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries. Praeger/Greenwood. (2001) ISBN 0-275-97134-1
  85. ^ Shohat, Ella: "Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Jewish Victims", Social Text, No. 19/20, (Autumn, 1988), (pp. 1-35), Duke University Press
  86. ^ Maurice Roumani, The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue, Tel Aviv: World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries. (1977) ASIN B0006EGL5I
  87. ^ Malka Hillel Schulewitz, The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands. London. (2001) ISBN 0-8264-4764-3
  88. ^ Ran HaCohen, "Ethnic Cleansing: Some Common Reactions"
  89. ^ Easternization of the West: Children of the VOC
  90. ^ Kashmiri refugees denied property ownership rights in Pakistan
  91. ^ India, The World Factbook. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
  92. ^ Current Africa race riots like 1949 anti-Indian riots: minister, TheIndianStar.com
  93. ^ ::UN:: History Learning Site
  94. ^ Martin Smith (1991). Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London,New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 43–44,98,56–57,176. 
  95. ^ Asians v. Asians, TIME
  96. ^ Bell, Terry: "Unfinished Business: South Africa, Apartheid and Truth", (pp. 63-4), Verso, (2001, 2003) ISBN 1-85984-545-2
  97. ^ Valentino, Benjamin A., "Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century", (p. 189), Cornell University Press, (2004) ISBN 0-8014-3965-5.
  98. ^ Marketplace: Pied-noirs breathe life back into Algerian tourism
  99. ^ Pied-Noir
  100. ^ Country Histories - Empire's Children
  101. ^ Who's Fault Is It?
  102. ^ Libya - Italian colonization
  103. ^ Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era
  104. ^ 1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda
  105. ^ TRNC: Chronology - 1963-1974
  106. ^ "'Ethnic cleansing', Cypriot style". New York Times. 1992-09-05. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D6143AF936A3575AC0A964958260. Retrieved on 29 December 2008. 
  107. ^ Genocide - Cambodia
  108. ^ The Cambodian Genocide and International Law
  109. ^ Cambodia the Chinese
  110. ^ a b Building Security in Europe's New Borderlands, Renata Dwan, M.E. Sharpe (1999) p. 148
  111. ^ De Waal, Black Garden, p. 285
  112. ^ Refugees and displaced persons in Azerbaijan
  113. ^ Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance
  114. ^ Focus on Mesketian Turks
  115. ^ Meskhetian Turk Communities around the World
  116. ^ Burmese exiles in desperate conditions, BBC News
  117. ^ Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, RUSSIA. THE INGUSH-OSSETIAN CONFLICT IN THE PRIGORODNYI REGION, May 1996.
  118. ^ Russia: The Ingush-Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region (Paperback) by Human Rights Watch Helsinki Human Rights Watch (April 1996) ISBN 1564321657
  119. ^ Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate, The Ethnic Cleansing of Bosnia-Hercegovina, (US General Printing Office, 1992)
  120. ^ Bosnia: Dayton Accords
  121. ^ Resettling Refugees: U.N. Facing New Burden
  122. ^ Bookman, Milica Zarkovic, "The Demographic Struggle for Power", (p. 131), Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. (UK), (1997) ISBN 0-7146-4732-2
  123. ^ Leeder, Elaine J., "The Family in Global Perspective: A Gendered Journey", (p. 164-65), Sage Publications, (2004) ISBN 0-7619-2837-5
  124. ^ Voice of America (18 October 2006)
  125. ^ UNHCR Publication (State of the world refugees)
  126. ^ First Chechnya War
  127. ^ Ethnic Russians in the North of Caucasus - Eurasia Daily Monitor
  128. ^ Chechen census fiasco
  129. ^ Anti-Chinese riots continue in Indonesia, August 29, 1998, CNN
  130. ^ Wages of Hatred, Business Week
  131. ^ Serbia threatens to resist Kosovo independence plan
  132. ^ Kosovo/Serbia: Protect Minorities from Ethnic Violence (Human Rights Watch)
  133. ^ Behind Ethnic War, Indonesia's Old Migration Policy
  134. ^ DR Congo pygmies 'exterminated'
  135. ^ DR Congo Pygmies appeal to UN
  136. ^ Yes to Kosovo, No to East Timor? - International Herald Tribune
  137. ^ 7.30 Report - 8/9/1999: Ethnic cleansing will empty East Timor if no aid comes: Belo
  138. ^ U.S. Fiddles While East Timor Burns | AlterNet
  139. ^ James M. Lutz, Brenda J. Lutz, Global Terrorism
  140. ^ Outrage Over East Timor
  141. ^ Hoover Institution - Hoover Digest - Why East Timor Matters
  142. ^ We cannot look the other way on ethnic cleansing - Opinion
  143. ^ "Bushmen forced out of desert after living off land for thousands of years". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/10/29/wbot29.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/10/29/ixworld.html. Retrieved on 2005-10-29. 
  144. ^ African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight for Land
  145. ^ Exiles of the Kalahari
  146. ^ UN condemns Botswana government over Bushman evictions
  147. ^ 'Israel evicts Gaza Strip settlers', BBC News Online, 17 August, 2005.
  148. ^ 'Settlers and army clash in W Bank', BBC News Online, 22 August, 2005.
  149. ^ Robinson, Eugene. "Betrayed in Gaza", Washington Post, August 19, 2005.
  150. ^ Klein, Morton A. "Gaza Withdrawal Rewards Terrorism", The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles February 27, 2004.
  151. ^ Jacoby, Jeff. "Sharon's retreat is a victory for terrorists", Jewish World Review, April 1, 2005.
  152. ^ Gross, Tom. Exodus From Gaza Tom Gross Mid-East Media Analysis. Retrieved November 4, 2006.
  153. ^ Collins, Robert O., "Civil Wars and Revolution in the Sudan: Essays on the Sudan, Southern Sudan, and Darfur, 1962-2004 ", (p. 156), Tsehai Publishers (US), (2005) ISBN 0-9748198-7-5 .
  154. ^ Power, Samantha "Dying in Darfur: Can the ethnic cleansing in Sudan be stopped?"[2], The New Yorker, 30 August 2004. Human Rights Watch, "Q & A: Crisis in Darfur" (web site, retrieved 24 May 2006). Hilary Andersson, "Ethnic cleansing blights Sudan", BBC News, 27 May 2004.
  155. ^ Arabs pile into Darfur to take land 'cleansed' by janjaweed
  156. ^ Iraq is disintegrating as ethnic cleansing takes hold
  157. ^ "There is ethnic cleansing"
  158. ^ Iraq refugees chased from home, struggle to cope
  159. ^ U.N.: 100,000 Iraq refugees flee monthly. Alexander G. Higgins, Boston Globe, November 3, 2006
  160. ^ In North Iraq, Sunni Arabs Drive Out Kurds
  161. ^ Christians, targeted and suffering, flee Iraq
  162. ^ IRAQ Terror campaign targets Chaldean church in Iraq - Asia News
  163. ^ UNHCR | Iraq
  164. ^ Christians live in fear of death squads
  165. ^ Jonathan Steele: While the Pope tries to build bridges in Turkey, the precarious plight of Iraq's Christians gets only worse | World news | guardian.co.uk
  166. ^ Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'
  167. ^ Iraq's Yazidis fear annihilation
  168. ^ Ann McFeatters: Iraq refugees find no refuge in America. Seattle Post-Intelligencer May 25, 2007
  169. ^ Roots of Latino/black anger
  170. ^ Ethnic Cleansing in L.A.
  171. ^ Thanks to Latino Gangs, There’s a Zone in L.A. Where Blacks Risk Death if They Enter
  172. ^ FBI called to deal with 'race' gang violence
  173. ^ A bloody conflict between Hispanic and black gangs is spreading across Los Angeles
  174. ^ Niger starts mass Arab expulsions
  175. ^ Reuters Niger's Arabs say expulsions will fuel race hate
  176. ^ Niger's Arabs to fight expulsion
  177. ^ UNHCR | Refworld - The Leader in Refugee Decision Support
  178. ^ Burma Karen families 'on the run', BBC News
  179. ^ " Human Rights in Burma: Fifteen Years Post Military Coup ", Refugees International
  180. ^ U.S. envoy calls violence in Kenya 'ethnic cleansing'
  181. ^ Al Jazeera English - News - Kenya Ethnic Clashes Intensify
  182. ^ U.N.: 600,000 Displaced In Kenya Unrest
  183. ^ BBC NEWS | Africa | Kenya opposition cancels protests
  184. ^ BBC NEWS | Africa | Kenya diplomatic push for peace
  185. ^ "25000 North Indian workers leave Pune". Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/25-000-North-Indian-workers-leave-Pune/276576/3/. Retrieved on 6 April 2008. 
  186. ^ "25000 North Indians leave, Pune realty projects hit". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/25000_North_Indians_leave_Pune_realty_projects_hit_/articleshow/2809937.cms. Retrieved on 4 April 2008. 
  187. ^ "Maha exodus: 10,000 north Indians flee in fear". Times of India. 2008-02-14. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2780795.cms. Retrieved on 6 April 2008. 
  188. ^ "MNS violence: North Indians flee Nashik, industries hit". Rediff. 2008-02-13. http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/13nasik1.htm. Retrieved on 6 April 2008. 


[edit] References



  • Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (1993). "A Brief History of Ethnic Cleansing". Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 110.  [5]
  • Jackson Preece, Jennifer (1998). "Ethnic Cleansing As An Instrument of Nation-State Creation". Human Rights Quarterly 20 (4): 359. doi:10.1353/hrq.1998.0039. 
  • Petrovic, Drazen (1998). "Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology". European Journal of International Law 5 (4): 817.  [6]


[edit] External links



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